The coffee

Coffee:

Here you tell I think almost everything about this wonderful grain.

Coffee is a drink made from roasted beans of the coffee fruit. It is traditionally served hot but can also be consumed cold. Coffee is a stimulant, because it has caffeine - usually 80 to 140 mg per 207 ml depending on the method of preparation [1].

In some periods of the 1980s, coffee was the second most traded commodity in the world by monetary value, behind only oil. [2] This statistic is still widely cited, but it has been unclear for nearly two decades, due to drop in coffee prices during the crisis of the product in the 1990s, reducing the total value of its exports. In 2003, coffee was the seventh product most important agricultural export in value terms, behind crops such as wheat, corn and soybeans. [3] Minas Gerais is the state with the highest production of coffee in Brazil.
History

The history of coffee began in the ninth century. Coffee originates from the highlands of Ethiopia (possibly with cultures in Sudan and Kenya) and spread to the world through Egypt and Europe. [4] But, contrary to popular belief, the word "coffee" does not originates from Kaffa - place of origin of the plant - but qahwa the Arabic word which means "wine" because of the importance that the plant now has to the Arab world [5].

Legend has it that a shepherd named Kaldi noticed that his sheep were smarter by eating leaves and fruits of coffee. He tried the fruits and felt more lively. A monk in the region, told about it, started using an infusion of fruits to resist sleep while praying.

Knowledge of the effects of drink and spread in the sixteenth century coffee was used in the east, being roasted for the first time in Persia.

In Arabia, the infusion of coffee is named after kahwah or Cahue (or qah'wa, قهوة the original Arabic). While the Ottoman Turkish language was known as kahve, whose original meaning was also "wine." Classification Coffea arabica was given by the naturalist Linnaeus.

The coffee however had enemies even among the Arabs, who saw their property contrary to the law of the prophet Muhammad. However, soon overcame these resistances coffee and even joined the Mohammedan doctors drink to promote digestion, brighten the mind and ward off the sleep, according to the writers of the time.
[Edit] In Asia and Africa

Appeared in Constantinople in 1475 the first coffee shop, a product that to spread around the world has benefited, first, the expansion of Islam and in a second phase of business development provided by the discoveries.

Around 1570, coffee was introduced in Venice, Italy, but the beverage, considered Mohammedan, was forbidden to Christians, and was only released after Pope Clement VIII taste the coffee.

In England in 1652, opened the first coffee house on the European continent, followed by Italy two years later. To Paris in 1672 it opened its first coffee house. It was precisely in France for the first time, sugar was added to coffee, which happened during the reign of Louis XIV, who had offered a coffee in 1713.

In their journey through the world's coffee came to Java, then reaching the Netherlands, and thanks to the dynamism of maritime trade executed by the Dutch West India Company, coffee was introduced in the New World, spreading in Guyana, Martinique, Santo Domingo , Puerto Rico and Cuba. Gabriel de Clieu Mathien, French officer, who was brought to America the first grain.

British and Portuguese tried their luck in the tropics of Asia and Africa.
[Edit] coffee plantation in Brazil
Typical farm of coffee, view terrace coffee drying facilities in the background - Avare.

In 1727, the Sergeant Major Francisco de Melo Reed, at the request of the governor of Grand Para, embarked on a mission to get coffee seedlings, a product that had great commercial value. To do so, made a trip to French Guyana and there came the wife of the governor of the capital Cayenne. Earned their trust, it could change a coffee-Arabic, which was smuggled into Brazil.

Of the first plantations in the north, specifically in Bethlehem, the seedlings were used for planting in Maranhão and Bahia in the Northeast [6].

The weather conditions were not the best first choice and that, between 1800 and 1850, tried to cultivation in other regions: Judge John Alberto Castelo Branco brought seedlings of Para for Southeast and cultivated in Rio de Janeiro, then Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais, where the success was total. The coffee business began thus to develop so that became the most important source of income in Brazil and foreign exchange for many decades from the 1850s.
Plantation near the city of St. John's Manhattan - Minas Gerais - Brazil.

The success of coffee plantations in São Paulo during the first part of the twentieth century, meant that the state became one of the richest in the country, allowing many farmers indicated or become presidents of Brazil (a policy known as café-au- milk, because they alternate in office in Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais), until weakened politically with the Revolution of 1930.

The coffee plantation was drained after dried coffee on the terraces, in the state of Sao Paulo to train stations, where they were stored in bags in the warehouses of the railroads, and then loaded into trains and sent to the Port of Santos, through railways, especially by English São Paulo Railway.
[Edit] The end of the trade and its effects

The slave trade was one of the most lucrative of the Brazilian economy and turned on a lot of money. With his ban, before the capital invested in the purchase of slaves were moved to other activities. Thus occurred an increase of industries, railroads, telegraphs and navigation. Along with coffee, the end of the trade provided the beginning of the modernization of Brazil.

Reacting to the effects of extinction of the slave trade, farmers resorted to interprovincial trade and developed a policy to attract European immigrants to their crops. The crops of decaying sugar cane in the Northeast increased the sale of slaves to the plantations of the South-Central, which became the main region of the country of slavery. However, the work of immigrants would gain weight in the 1880s, when growers could no longer hold slaves on the plantations, owing to the strength of the abolitionist campaign.
[Edit] Coffee and frost

Coffee was planted west of the state of São Paulo, in high places, the ridges, splitters basins of the rivers that flow into the Paraná River, places less prone to frost the lowlands of the rivers. These spikes were also built the railroads and the cities of West St. Paul, far from the malaria which was common near the rivers. Coffee in St. Paul suffered greatly with the 'great frost of 1918 "and Frost July 18, 1975, which also reached the state of Parana, decimating all the coffee plantations in the region of Londrina.
[Edit] Appreciation Coffee

The best known coffee agreement of states to secure external funding for storage of coffee in warehouses in order to reduce the external supply and achieve higher prices for the same was the Covenant of Taubaté, 1906. The assumption of retention of coffee stocks was the belief that after a good harvest, followed by a poor harvest, during which the coffee stored in the previous year would be exported. From the 1920s, the appreciation of coffee became permanent, greatly increased the volume stored, causing prices to rise, attracting new producers to the market in competition with Brazil. With the crisis of 1929, from the government of Getulio Vargas, all the stocks of coffee had to be burned for prices do not rise. The choice was made to keep coffee as a product for the elite. That is, the government preferred to burn the coffee to sell it for a lower price, which would make it accessible to every citizen of the time. They were burned from 1931 to 1943, 72 million bags, equivalent to four good vintages. From 1944, the supply of coffee began to be regulated by agreements between producing countries. [7] [8]
[Edit] In Europe

Commercial establishments in Europe have consolidated the use of drinking coffee, and several coffee houses, famous, like the Café Nicola, in Lisbon, where they were politicians and writers, and to highlight the poet Bocage, the Virginia Coffee House, London, and the Café de la Regence in Paris, where he met such famous names as Rousseau, Voltaire, Diderot and Richelieu.

The invention of the coffee, back in the late eighteenth century, on the part of Count Rumford, gave great impetus to the proliferation of the drink, also aided by another maker of 1802, the author of the Frenchman Descroisilles, where two vessels were separated by a filter.

In 1822 another invention appeared in France, espresso machine, although it was still only a prototype. In 1855 is presented in an exhibition in Paris, a more advanced machine, but was perfected in Italy.

Thus, it fell to the Italians, only in 1905 to commercialize the first espresso machine at precisely the same year it was invented a process that allowed decaffeinate coffee. In 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Italy continues to have primacy over the cast and Giovanni Gaggia has a machine where the water passes through coffee after pressure from a piston pump. The success was remarkable.
[Edit] The Crisis of 1929
Geographic distribution of different crops (r: robust, m: Arabica and robust: Arabic).

With the "break" from the American Stock Exchange in 1929, Brazil had the first great crisis of overproduction of coffee, and the Brazilian government to promote the burning of stocks to try to prop up prices. In the late 1930's, Brazil had been faced with another surplus production that was solved with the help of Nestlé, when it invented instant coffee. [Citation needed]

More than overcome this crisis, Brazil remained the world's largest producer of coffee, although in recent years has to compete with other Latin American countries.

Coffee is currently the most consumed beverage in the artificial world, and served about 400 billion cups a year. The most common type of coffee is arabica, occupying about three-quarters of world production, followed by robust, which has twice the caffeine in the first.
 
Nutritional Value
Nutritional value per 100g 2 kJ
Carbohydrate 0
Fat 0.02 g
Saturated Fat 0.02 g
Trans Fat 0 g
0.015 g Monounsaturated fat
0.001 g polyunsaturated fat
Water 99.39 g
Protein 0.12 g
Caffeine 40 mg
Vitamin A ug 0
0 ug beta-carotene
Vitamin B1 0.014 mg
Vitamin B2 0.076 mg
0.191 mg Vitamin B3
0.254 mg Vitamin B5
Vitamin B6 0.001 mg
Vitamin E 0.01 mg
0.0001 mg Vitamin K
2 mg calcium
Iron 0.01 mg
Magnesium 3 mg
Manganese 0.023 mg
Phosphorus 3 mg
Potassium 49 mg
Sodium 2 mg
Zinc 0.02 mg

Source: Nutrient Database (USDA)

 

 
Production

Major producers
(Sales in thousands of tons)
Source: ICO
Year 1984 1994 2004
Brazil 1284 25% 1692 30% 2356 35%
Vietnam 14 0% 212 4% 831 12%
 Colombia 662 779 13% 14% 10% 684
Indonesia 373 7% 377 7% 443 7%
 Ethiopia 139 3% 152 3% 300 4%
 India 196 4% 169 3% 231 3%
 Guatemala 170 3% 227 4% 221 3%
 Mexico 260 5% 250 4% 204 3%
 Peru 70 1% 71 1% 201 3%
Uganda 153 3% 144 3% 165 2%
Honduras 86 2% 131 2% 155 2%
Costa Rica 151 3% 150 3% 107 2%
Ivory Coast 289 6% 180 3% 105 1%
El Salvador 134 3% 138 2% 85 1%
Nicaragua 51 1% 41 1% 68 1%
Papua New Guinea 45 1% 68 1% 60 1%
Ecuador 83 2% 143 3% 56 1%
 Thailand 28 2% 84 1% 48 1%
Tanzania 50 1% 41 1% 48 1%
Cameroon 95 2% 24 0% 44 1%
 Kenya 93 2% 100 2% 43 1%
 Venezuela 59 1% 56 1% 42 1%
Other 554 11% 397 7% 264 4%
Total 5,039,100% 5,624,100% 6,760,100%

Source: Wikipedia
Coffee
From: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
A cup of coffee.
Arabica coffee beans roasted.

 
Arabica coffee beans.